Psychological Origin of Anxiety

"One's perception of a given situation is distorted which causes one to believe it is threatening in some way."

-Toronto Notes 2011

Facundo Cabral

"Una bomba hace más ruido que una caricia, pero por cada bomba que le destruye hay millones de caricias, que alimentan la vida."

http://www.amarseaunomismo.com/no-estas-deprimido-estas-distraido/

J’aimerais vous parler de l’art

J’aimerais vous parler de l’art – non pas l’art de la médecine, mais l’art, muse de l’esprit. Son appréciation est universelle, et pourtant on s’aventure rarement dans sa discussion, on ne s’interroge point sur son sens.

Feu Anatole Broyard, ancien essayiste et éditeur du New York Times Book Review, écrivit de ses interactions avec les médecins qui le soignaient pendant qu’il était atteint d’un cancer de la prostate métastatique :

Pour le médecin typique, ma maladie est un incident routinier durant sa tournée, tandis que pour moi c’est la crise de ma vie. Je me sentirais mieux si j’avais un médecin qui du moins percevait cette incongruité… Je voudrais seulement qu’il… me donne son esprit entier qu’une seule fois, qu’il s’attache à moi pour une brève espace, qu’il étudie mon âme ainsi que ma chaire, pour atteindre maladie, car tout homme est malade de sa propre façon.

Son éloquence est touchante, n’est-ce pas ? Artistique même. Malheureusement, ce n’est pas comme ça que les patients communiquent avec nous. Si c’était le cas, l’empathie du médecin serait un acquis. Or, malgré la parole plutôt terne qu’il employait sans doute quand il voyait ses médecins, M. Broyard ressentait surement les émotions qui sont si évidentes dans cette citation.

L’appréciation de l’art, c’est la perception de l’émotion - du sens - d’un collage de pigments, d’un assemblage de sons, d’une séquence de lettres. Et même si une œuvre est représentative – tel un portrait – le sujet nous est d’habitude étranger. Cette appréciation ne se fait pas par une analyse assidue des détails sensoriels; au contraire une telle approche peut nuire à l’expérience pure de l’art dans le moment. L’apparition du sens d’une œuvre dépend plutôt d’un certain recul analytique et d’une véritable ouverture de l’esprit. En filtrant les faits de notre bouillie phénoménale, on isole un élixir d’émotion et de symbolisme capable de pénétrer même dans le cœur d’un soldat drapé d’épaisses d’armures.

Experts par nécessité dans le processus contraire, l’art (ainsi que l’amour et les enfants) est une muse indispensable aux médecins pour garder une vision humaine des êtres patients.

epidurals

whether or not you recommend an epidural, remember what really counts:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12011880

Multiple Choice Question Strategies: Getting Them Right Even When You Don't Deserve To

It’s often said that those who get good grades in medical school (and in other disciplines) are not necessarily the ones who will make the best doctors. In fact, some go as far as to say that many who get below average grades are those who will excel in practise. I believe there is much truth to this.
Keywords: multiple choice test strategies, mcq, improve, grades
Unfortunately, though, nobody enjoys having grades floating around the 60s. So, in solidarity with all those who don’t think their grades reflect their knowledge, I’m writing this post to address one of the root causes of this: multiple choice testing. This is a compilation of a few multiple choice strategies that allow people who know them to do well despite mediocre understanding. Moreover, since profs subconsciously expect students to know and apply these, those who haven’t picked them up over the years can do more poorly than is reflective of their understanding. Hope you find them helpful!


Before you start

Remember that you are looking for the best answer, NOT one which must be entirely true all of the time, in all cases, and without exception.


When reading the question/stem

Look for grammatical clues. If the stem ends with the indefinite article "an," for example, then the correct response probably begins with a vowel.

Try to anticipate the correct response before you are distracted by seeing the options provided. Then uncover the responses and select the option that most closely matches your answer. Do NOT confuse this with the myth that your first answer is usually correct! Change your first answer when you are fairly sure of the correction, or when other cues in the test prompt you to change it.

Know if you are allowed to select more than one response per question/stem (e.g. Clinical Decision Making Questions). If so, select the maximum number of responses.


When considering the options

Question responses that are totally unfamiliar to you. Profs have no problem including terms/concepts that have never been discussed as long as they are part of INCORRECT responses.

You can often rule out responses that contain absolute terms like "always" or "never." Responses that contains generalizations like "usually" or "mostly" are more likely to be correct.

Look alike options: If they have different meanings (e.g. back pain, chest pain, abdominal pain), one is probably correct; if they have practically the same meaning (e.g. chest pain, torso pain), neither one can be correct.

When faced with double negatives consider the equivalent positive statement.

If two options are opposite (e.g. increases heart rate, decreases heart rate) one of them is probably correct.

Favour options that contain qualifiers (e.g. ...often presents with intense chest pain which radiates to the left arm or neck). The prof usually puts more effort (and words) into composing the correct answer.

If two alternatives seem correct, compare them for subtle differences and then refer back to the stem to find your best answer.

"All of the above" is often a correct response. If you suspect that more than one of the other responses is probably correct, then choose "All of the above."

"None of the above" is usually an incorrect response (used when the instructor has run out of ideas), but this is less reliable than the "All of the above" rule. Be very careful not to be fooled by double negative options when “None of the above” is also an option (e.g. ... rarely decrease blood pressure – this is probably the correct response but would have been taught as “usually increases blood pressure”).

Look for verbal associations. A response that repeats key words that are in the stem is likely to be correct.

If all else fails, choose b) or c). Many profs subconsciously feel that the correct answer is more "hidden" if it’s surrounded by distracters. Apparently, response a) is usually least likely to be the correct one.

Don't worry about the pattern of the answers. If you answer b) to four questions in a row, you might be right (especially when you consider the previous point).


A particular case:
Which are classic symptoms of lupus?
a) photosensitivity and acromegaly
b) angiomas and oral ulcers
c) oral ulcers and photosensitivity
d) photosensitivity and claudication

Profs like their answer to be ambiguous. In this sort of question with multiple elements in each response, profs achieve ambiguity by having one correct element and one incorrect element in each incorrect response. Since the correct elements also usually appear in the correct answer, elements that appear most often are most likely to be correct. In this case “photosensitivity” appears three times and “oral ulcers” appears twice, so the correct answer is probably “c”.


Applying the same logic to the following question:
Which of the following statements is most true with regards to Crohn’s?
a) it is an inflammatory disease that is worsened smoking.
b) it is worsened by smoking and has an increased incidence in Hispanics
c) it is an inflammatory disease that affects the ileum exclusively
d) it is a genetic disease that accounts for 60% of the global prevalence of constipation

“a” is most likely.


Finally:
Which is the proper sequence of events in mitosis?
a) 3-4-2-1
b) 3-2-4-1
c) 1-2-3-4
d) 2-3-4-1

Consider the most common position of each element (more correct positions means more ambiguity):
1 in 4th
2 in 2nd
3 in 1st
4 in 3rd
There’s your answer (b)! You didn’t even need to know that
3=prophase 2=metaphase 4=anaphase 1=telophase.

Another very special case:

The following are extra-articular disorders associated with rheumatoid arthritis, EXCEPT:

1. glaucoma
2. Felty's syndrome
3. Caplan's syndrome
4. Edward's syndrome

In this question, I believe the author is actually trying to test the student's pediatric/genetic knowledge. The student is expected to recognize that Edward's syndrome is trisomy 18 which is certainly not an extra-articular disorder, and is thus the correct answer. The student is not even expected to recognize all of the remaining options.

what's so special about Yaz (drospirenone)?

"CONCLUSIONS: Currently available oral contraceptives still have a major impact on thrombosis occurrence and many women do not use the safest brands with regard to risk of venous thrombosis."

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679614

tantalizing tropical trout

i wanted to make ceviche, but wasn't ready to "cook" fish in lime juice without any heat... this is what happened.

Place 2 trout/pink fish fillets onto enough aluminum foil to fold over.
Top with:
Dijon mustard
5 cloves of garlic, corsely chopped
1 fist of broccoli (cut stalk into thin slices and florets into chestnut-size pieces)
1 onion sliced into thin rounds
Fold over aluminum and cook on BBQ - careful not to OVERCOOK the fish.

Chop:
2 ripe tomatoes
1 cup of cilantro
Combine and add:
1/4 cup lemon juice
1/8 cup balsamic vinegar
Lots of ground pepper

Serve together on brown rice. With steamed kale?

55 words

The moment the dame walked in the door I knew she was trouble. Blood-red lips, smoldering eyes, legs from here to Cleveland.

I thought of telling her to scram, but she was my first customer all day. "Ma'am?"

"Coffee, hash browns," she said, settling into a booth. "And two eggs."


"Hard-boiled?" I asked hopefully.


"Scrambled."

http://www.birdandmoon.com/55words/story28.html

fiendlishly fine foat cakes

after years of healthful - but hard to swallow - culinary experiments (e.g. sugar-free tofu smoothies!), i think i've finally struck gold!! i've already gotten endorsement from a McDonald's-goer and am confident in this recipe's kid-potential. the idea is not even 2 hours old (i just put the last cake on the pan), so please don't be shy about sending along your feedback. bon appétit ! (Thanks to Sarah Alden for the photo of her version :)

2 c old fashioned rolled oats
2 c water
lots of paprika - 2 T(?)
soy sauce - 2-3 T(?)
hot sauce to taste

mix together, microwave for 5 min, allow to cool

2 cans wild salmon
2 eggs
3 stalks of finely chopped celery
2 c corn (thawed if frozen)
1 handful fresh/frozen cilantro
3 T grated ginger

combine. place large scoop onto hot frying pan and flatten into a cake. brown both sides.

serve immediately with lettuce and salsa.

Juxtaposition

Les deux premières manchettes sur Radio-Canada hier...

Jean-Jacques Bourque - Cigarette, Smoking, Fumer

sujet: le nouveau livre de Jean-Jacques Bourque contre les campagnes anti-tabac.

keywords: Bourque, Jean-Jacques, smoking, fumer, tobacco, tabac, tabagisme, cigarette, depression, conflit d'intérêt, conflict of interest

http://lejournaldequebec.canoe.ca/journaldequebec/actualites/sante/archives/2010/01/20100111-214646.html

C'est carrément enrageant de voir qu'un journaliste professionnel publierait un tel article (qui effectivement promeut le livre de M . Bourque) sans avoir fait une recherche approfondie sur les conflits d’intérêt qu’il pourrait avoir. Je n’ai pas le temps pour jouer au détective, mais comme étudiant en médecine, je sais qu’aucun médecin ne publierait un tel livre sans l’appui de l’industrie de tabac. En faisant une petite recherche, j’ai pu découvrir que M. Bourque est le fondateur d’une compagnie de consultation, Humagest Inc. La compagnie ne compte que deux autres employés et aucune information sur ses activités n’est trouvable à l’internet. Par contre, Who’s Who in Canadian Business nous dit que Patricia Cherie Pitcher travaille aussi à Humagest. Serait-ce une coïncidence que dans son livre The Drama of Leadership, il se trouve au moins deux exemple dans lesquels elle appui discrètement les compagnies de tabac? Je vous les inclus ci-dessous tout en vous implorant de faire faire une recherche exhaustive sur les liens de M. Bourque avec l’industrie de tabac.

Merci,

Nicholas Dubé

1) “What’s worse, we allow experts to dictate policy to us. For example, French historian Alain-Gérard Slama reminds us that we allow cancer researchers who have studied biochemistry and medicine to dictate public policy on smoking, and yet smoking bans raise deep philosophical issues involving subtle tradeoffs between Justice and Liberty, which cancer researcher know nothing about.” (p. 196)

2) Sous le titre « Truth and Consequences » et discutant la réaction de différents types de leaders à certaines situations; NB : les adjectifs entre parenthèses carrées sont originales et la note de fin de document 4 fait référence à un article de l’année 1994 dans La Presse.

"Another context and another subject :

"Tenchnocrat: And so, in conclusion, we have to ban smoking from the planet.

"A member of the audience: I was reading the other day in a medical journal that major depression and the propensity to cigarette smoking are highly correlated. These doctors were suggestion that we should be a bit careful with depressed people, because pushing them too hard to quit smoking may inadvertently push them into a major clinical depression.4

"Technocrat: The study was no doubt financed by the cigarette lobby [paranoid], and even if it’s true, that’s their problem [narcissistic]." (p.186)

---

It is truly enraging to see that reputable reporters are effectively promoting Mr. Bourque’s book evidently without having conducted a thorough investigation into the conflicts of interest he may have. Although I don’t have time to play detective, as a medical student I know that no doctor would publish such a book without support from the tobacco industry. After a little research, I discovered that Mr. Bourque is the founder of the consulting firm, Humagest Inc.; however, I could find absolutely no information on the company’s activities. What I could find was that one of the company’s two other employee’s is Patricia Cherie Pitcher. Coincidentally, in her book, The Drama of Leadership, there are at least two instances in which she discretely supports the tobacco industry. I have included these quotations below and implore you to have an exhaustive research done on Mr. Bourque’s ties to the tobacco industry.

Thank you,

Nicholas Dubé

1)

“What’s worse, we allow experts to dictate policy to us. For example, French historian Alain-Gérard Slama reminds us that we allow cancer researchers who have studied biochemistry and medicine to dictate public policy on smoking, and yet smoking bans raise deep philosophical issues involving subtle tradeoffs between Justice and Liberty, which cancer researcher know nothing about.” (p. 196)

2) Under the heading « Truth and Consequences » discussing the reactions of different types of leaders to certain situations. NB : the adjectives in square brackets are original and the footnote 4 refers to a 1994 article in La Presse.

"Another context and another subject :

"Tenchnocrat: And so, in conclusion, we have to ban smoking from the planet.

"A member of the audience: I was reading the other day in a medical journal that major depression and the propensity to cigarette smoking are highly correlated. These doctors were suggestion that we should be a bit careful with depressed people, because pushing them too hard to quit smoking may inadvertently push them into a major clinical depression.4

"Technocrat: The study was no doubt financed by the cigarette lobby [paranoid], and even if it’s true, that’s their problem [narcissistic]." (p.186)

Guide humain

Être humain. Quelle notion éthérée ! Si simple, et pourtant si embrouillée par notre monde techno-scientifique. N'est-ce pas ironique que malgré tous les avancées de notre époque, le rôle du médecin comme guide humain soit tout aussi important que jamais (malgré son exclusion des rôles du médecin selon la Faculté) ?Est-ce vraiment pour des conseils cliniques qu'une jeune fille enceinte, un nouveau papa dépassé ou une triste veuve épuisée viennent voir leur médecin ? Plus souvent qu'on ne le reconnait, je crois que la confiance que les patients accordent à leur médecin ne résulte pas de ses compétences cliniques, de sa confidentialité ou même de sa bonne communication. De façon qui dépasse même la portée de la notion de "professionnalisme," il me semble que la base fondamentale de la grande confiance d'un patient en son médecin vient de la compréhension particulière du médecin de la vie humaine, l'être humain, l'humanité.

Aujourd'hui c'était notre deuxième session dans le laboratoire d'anatomie. Ma session de DAC était annulée, donc après la fin du laboratoire j'ai décidé de passer une heure de plus à étudier les cadavres par moi-même. Sans les contraintes du temps, j'ai pu vraiment prendre conscience du fait que les cadavres étaient jadis des personnes vivantes, des êtres humains. Des muscles atrophiés, de la peau lâche et de longs poils sur les bras : celui-ci était surement un vieil homme. Les traces d'une barbe, de larges bras et un gros bedon : celui-là était plus jeune. Mais malgré leurs différences, on peut identifier toutes les mêmes structures sur chacun : le splénius, les érecteurs spinaux, les muscles dentelés - ils sont tous là !

Bien sûr ces réalisations ne m'ont pas surprises, mais quand je suis sorti du laboratoire, j'étais rempli d'une telle joie à chaque fois que je passais quelqu'un. Je ne pensais plus : "Oh ! Les citadins sont toujours tellement pressés !" ou "Je me demande ce qui la tracasse." Non, il n'y avait qu'une chose qui se répétait dans ma tête : "Lui et elle, ils sont parfaitement comme moi. On est sur le même train miraculeux de l'humanité, voyageant vers la même destination - ce qui fait d'eux plus que des pairs, des collègues, des âmes soeurs. Des êtres humains." Les cadavres me rappelaient : Eram quod es, eris quod sum.

Et voilà que j'ai fait un pas vers mon rôle de guide humain. Prochaine étape : assister à un accouchement !

Graduation

Sackville, in particular Bridge Street's broken bridge, is my favourite place in the world. Since just after my arrival at Mt.A, I have stopped by there regularly on runs and seen it in so many different lights. Not only has it become a place of calm and reflection for me, but it has also become a place with which I associate many fond memories.

On top of all the time I've spent alone at the bridge's remains, I've shared the site with most of my good friends at one time or another: on clear sunny days, on misty mornings, on serene starlit nights.

Perhaps the symbolic value of the site is that although the broken bridge may represent an obstacle to continuing one's path to the other side of the the river, if one stops and takes in the surroundings, he or she will notice the beautiful view from that site and the many alternate routes across the river.

The site is so beautiful, however, that one can keep coming back to it without ever having the slightest desire to go any further; needless to make the connection between this path, and that of my own life.

-From my Human Geography Lab #1, January 16th 2007

Liberal Arts[/Higher Education] in Times of Crises: An Open Letter to University Students and Faculty

In the context of an informal chat about current affairs last semester, one of my best professors at Mt.A. declared:

"It must be tough being a student today - I mean, with the environmental and food crises, the financial situation, etc., it must be hard to be studying all sorts of things that won't help solve any of these problems."

I responded that as a pre-med student, it didn't really bother me that my most significant learning happened outside of classes. I was hoop-jumping toward a vocation useful and meaningful even in our troubled times. Still, he did get me thinking. Hence this letter, which is not actually about "higher education in times of crisis," but instead uses today's "crises" as an excuse to question what we're doing here.

So, why is it we're at university?

Although the reasons are innumerable, I think (and hope) that everyone has come here in part to explore: to explore who they are, what they value, what they love, how things are connected, what they could do after Mt.A. This kind of exploration, of course, doesn't happen in one place.

Given its centrality to so many students' journey through university, though, I have no doubt that our classes ought to facilitate it.

Indeed, they all do to a certain extent. Most professors incorporate an element of "This is what academia is like in ___" or "These are the typical issues addressed in ___ and the means by which this is done." Great. But what about the rest?

What kind of exploration do courses offer for the majority of students who aren't actually interested in academia or "the typical issues"?

One might argue that the need to balance exploration with intellectual exercise and the teaching of specific subject matter for a given course limits the possible breadth of a course. Still, that doesn't mean evaluations have to be done exclusively through essays on prescribed topics and through the same old exams.

Real learning can only happen if students are interested in what they're doing and take ownership of it.

This is where things get tricky, because if you ask a professor why they don't give students more opportunities for self-directed learning, they'll probably say they're totally open to it and, in fact, encourage it; students just aren't interested. Of course, if you ask students, professors are likely to get the blame. Not surprisingly, things aren't so black and white; I believe neither group is more to blame than the other.

For truly engaged, self-directed learning to become a reality at Mt.A., we've all got to overcome our familiar but outdated assumptions about each other's expectations.

By no means do I claim to have all the answers; in fact the purpose of this letter is to ask you:

Based on your unique experience, what do you think we can do to increase students' ownership of and engagement in their in-class learning at Mt.A.?

Still, to get you thinking, I'll share a few suggestions of my own.

Assignments

Students, our profs may not be quite as trendy we are, but that doesn't mean they wouldn't be open (perhaps after a little convincing) to our wildest suggestion for an alternative assignments: creating an animé adaption of a story for a lit class, leading a discussion about the modern significance of Greek art for a classics class, composing a rap about epigenetic effects for a biology class, etc.

We've got to stop assuming that we're locked into every exercise proposed by our profs.

If you're not interested in an assignment, step up: propose something creative - but equally challenging - that you would actually enjoy doing, that would allow you to explore the things you want, and that would help you develop the skills you value.

Professors, first off, those lecture notes and syllabi from two, five, fifteen years ago, they've got to be revamped: not just updated to reflect academic developments in your discipline, they've got to change with the times, with current affairs, with students' interests. It's not enough to be open to the diversity of students and their interests, you've to to promote them, embrace them. No matter how hard you try to be friendly and accessible, there will always be a gap in authority and power (especially the power to determine grades) that is intimidating to many students and will deter them from questioning the relevance of your assignments to them individually.

Keeping students interested isn't just about thinking up exciting ways to present material and to evaluate students, it's about engaging students in that very process.

This, I concede, is no easy task; but no one said it would be easy.

Tests & Exams

"Is it going to be on the exam?" The dreaded question: to professors, it's a sign of impending regurgitation by uninterested students; to students, it's a degrading but necessary submission to the System. What's it really about?

First off, even compared to leading universities in the U.S. (where are a regular student covers 12 credits per 15-week semester), we cover a lot of material in our 12-week semesters! In fact, I think we cover so much that a typical student with any semblance of a balanced lifestyle rarely has time to reflect on course material at their leisure.

With all the different courses and activities competing for our time, the average student simply can't afford to ponder course material beyond what will be evaluated.

I'm sure both students and professors would be happier if students could simply study course material with a focus on that in which they're interested - not just in terms of content, but also in terms of connections. For that to become a reality though, students need to know that that accomplishment will be worth something in evaluations. That in turn will only happen if we demand it: an open-ended question about connections as an option in the long-answer section of an exam, an optional open-ended supplementary assignment, whatever! I'm not suggesting that this kind of individual knowledge and understanding replace that of basic principles on which courses are based, but rather that they supplement this prescriptive core.

If a creative approach to evaluation were implemented, students wouldn't have to worry about losing a few marks on (to them, insignificant) details because they could count on making up for it with the learning that was important to them.

Engaged learning isn't a utopia; it's a vision - a vision which we've all got to keep nurturing through discussions, blog posts, newspaper articles, videos, whatever you like. I know the vision I've outlined in this letter is very rough and incomplete. This is partly because I don't have all the answers, but mostly because I know the vision isn't just mine. So if you do share this vision, I challenge you to put in your two cents, and together, who knows how much we could save...

Maritime Elation

How I'm going to miss the Maritimes!

Two days before my first interview for medical school (one day before my flight out), I thought it was time to find something to wear. I'd marked four men's clothing stores I'd found in the yellow pages on a map of Moncton and after my 8:30 class, I set out on the bus.

Tip Top was the only store I knew would actually carry the kind of clothes I was looking for; I chose the others based on their names: Zachary Samuels Men's Clothier and Custom Shirts, Up in Style, and Colin D's Boutique. Zachary Samuels sounded like my best bet so I decided to start there. I passed Up in Style on the way (thinking I might stop there first, depending on what it looked like) but it turned out to be a sk8 shop.

When I arrived at Z.S. the owner (the only staff person there) was helping another client. I told him I needed a suit ready in 24 hours; he sat me down on a leather couch and served me a cappuccino. After a couple of hours of chatting, we had a suit, shirt and tie picked out. The tie and two pairs of socks were on the house.

I had brought my own dark brown dress pleather dress shoes (which were in need of some minor mending) to try on with the “midnight navy” (i.e. practically black) suit but apparently, that simply would not do. I needed black shoes, or perhaps cognac ones. Since I had a choir concert coming up at which I would need black shoes and knew I'd get good use of them, I conceded.

So that I would have my suit on time, he had to take it immediately to the tailor's. He shut the shop and dropped me off at a shoe store on the way. We agreed that I would find my way by to the store the next day around 1 p.m. and he would properly pack my suit (so it wouldn't wrinkle) and take me to the airport from there. There were some great sales at the shoe store and, though I didn't get the same service, I quickly found a nice pair.

Since the next bus back to Sackville wasn't until 8:15 p.m. and it was only 2 p.m. by that time, I decided to get a few more things done. First, I walked over to the Taj Mahal, the famous Indian restaurant in Moncton at which I'd never eaten and I had a late but scrumptious lunch. Before leaving, I asked the waitress if she knew of anywhere where I could get a nice haircut. She suggested a few places and I tried to follow her directions to the most promising place. Not only did I get lost and have to ask a homeless person for directions, but when I got there, it also wasn't quite up to my med-school-interview standard. I started walking in the other direction trying to recall the location of the other shops the waitress had mentioned.

When I found myself all the way into Dieppe, I decided I'd have to settle for whatever I could find in the mall there. It was a tough call: the salon looked pretty classy, but totally focussed on women and esthetics. I took a gamble – and drew the short straw, or so I thought...

Yes, they could give me a cut right away. Right this way. I sat down and a boy with emo hair, no older than 18, came and set me up. I explained my situation to him: I needed something professional enough for my interviews but didn't want to go so short that I would lose my curls. No clippers, we decided. It was the most meticulous haircut I'd ever gotten and, in the end, it was just right.

Next, I took a bus back downtown and looked for a little café where I could spend a couple hours reading as I waited for 8:15 to come. I found The Old Triangle, my favourite Irish pub that was offering two free oysters with a pint of Guinness: how could I resist?

Taking a break from my book on medical ethics, but continuing to shower the couple of oysters in my stomach with Guinness, I unconsciously and longingly stared at the oyster bar; its bartender (the pub's owner) offered me two more on the house. After that, I felt like I had get something else – and I guess I was a little hungry: I ordered a bowl of mussels. A while later, an Acadian couple arrived and sat at the table next to mine.

Perhaps intrigued by my outsider's appearance, they asked me all about what I was doing in Moncton, where I was from, where I learned French, what I wanted to do with my life, etc. They were from Cap Pelé, not far from Sackville and he was a highway supervisor: he was responsible for snow and (especially those past few days) ice removal. He also had a great hankering for some oysters but didn't want any Guinness.

He offered to buy me another pint, but I wasn't feeling up to it. Instead, after much soul-searching about how badly I wanted more oysters, I offered him a coupon for two, which someone had given me on his way out: apparently, that man liked Guinness more than oysters. By then, it was nearing the time for me to get going to the bus station, so I asked for the bill. A moment later, the waiter returned and told me my neighbours were getting the bill for me. I thanked them and we said our goodbyes, committing to keep an eye open for each other.

The bus ride home was uneventful, except perhaps for the realization that this was probably one of the last times in a while that I would be filled with Maritime elation.

Une crise économique, c’est sexiste, dites?

http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/economie-affaires/la_crise_et_vous/index.asp

Par: Nicolas (pas Nicholas) Duguay (pas Dubé)

C’est étrange, mais ce matin, en prenant connaissance des plus récentes données sur l’emploi aux États-Unis, et tout particulièrement celles comparant les pertes d’emplois chez les hommes et les femmes, c’est à la vieille série télé « Papa à raison » que je pensais...

Je pensais à ça, car c’est justement l’Amérique de cette série-là, une Amérique riche et suffisante dirigée par des hommes blancs tout aussi riches et suffisants, qui en prend pour son rhume ces temps-ci.

En l’espace de quelques mois, l’un des premiers Commandements du capitalisme à l’américaine, qui veut que l’État se tienne à l’écart de l’économie, a été bafoué à coup de milliards de dollars de fonds publics.

Et maintenant, la crise économique qui dévaste le marché de l’emploi est en train de faire en sorte que pour la première fois de l’histoire américaine les femmes pourraient bientôt surpasser en nombre les hommes sur le marché du travail...

Voilà seulement quelques décennies, comme nous pouvons le voir dans le tableau ci-bas, la part des femmes sur le marché du travail américain ne dépassait guère les 30 %.

Aujourd’hui, hommes et femmes sont au coude à coude et si la tendance observée depuis le début de la récession se maintient, ne serait-ce que quelques mois encore, nous allons rapidement assister à une dominance féminine sur le marché du travail.

Hécatombe pour les secteurs « masculins »

Les experts expliquent ce revirement historique en arguant de la nature des emplois les plus mis à mal par la crise.

Comme l’explique le New York Times dans un article sur le sujet paru aujourd’hui même, ce qui se passe n’a rien à voir avec la lutte pour l’égalité des sexes, mais plutôt avec l’endroit où tombe la hache...

En effet, il appert que 82 % des emplois perdus depuis décembre 2007, date officielle du début de la récession américaine, étaient occupés par des hommes.

Pourquoi?

Tout simplement parce que les secteurs économiques sur la ligne de front de la crise, le secteur manufacturier et celui de la construction, sont des secteurs où, traditionnellement, l’essentiel de la main-d’oeuvre est masculine.

Et tout ceci, contrairement à ce qu’on aurait pu penser, est loin d’être une bonne nouvelle...

Pas parce que l’auteur de cette chronique pense que c’est une tragédie économique d’avoir davantage de femmes au travail que d’homme, mais plutôt parce que les emplois occupés par les femmes sont souvent moins « intéressants » que ceux des hommes.

« Intéressants » ?

C’est-à-dire que l’on retrouve encore aux États-Unis une plus grande proportion de femmes que d’homme qui occupent des emplois à temps partiel, des emplois qui bien souvent ne sont accompagnés d'aucune assurance médicale et qui n’offrent pratiquement aucune sécurité d’emploi.

Et même lorsqu’elles travaillent à temps plein, les statistiques gouvernementales démontrent que les femmes américaines ne gagnent encore en moyenne que 80 % de la paye de leurs homologues masculins travaillant autant.

Maybe you shouldn't be reading this...

Even according to Google (the most conservative estimate), one could boil a kettle of water with the energy from approximately 15 Google searches...

From Times Online

January 11, 2009

How you can help reduce the footprint of the Web

Browsing the internet contributes to global warming by generating extra greenhouse gases – but could the web be made greener? Dr Alex Wissner-Gross a physicist from Harvard University writes for The Sunday Times

So it's Sunday morning, you're sitting down at the computer with your cup of coffee, and you decide to search for the latest YouTube hit. You groan. That video is taking too long to load. You open a new window and decide to read the morning paper while you wait for the video to download. This scene may seem innocent enough, but were you aware of the fact that your websurfing has an impact on the environment? Would you be surprised to know that it contributes to a greater global carbon footprint than the whole of the aviation industry?

Although they might seem ephemeral, websites have real-world environmental footprints. Their files are stored on servers, viewed by personal computers, and connected via networks. To operate these components, all of which are necessary to create a complete website experience, electricity must be consumed. And to generate much of that electricity, fossil fuels like coal and natural gas are usually being burned.

So, when you are sitting in London viewing a website hosted in California, there are power plants on at least two continents actively pumping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in order for you to watch that video or read that online newspaper.

Since millions of people are surfing the web every hour of every day, that carbon footprint adds up to an astounding 2% of international emissions each year. In fact, according to the American research firm Gartner, the carbon footprint of information and communications technology exceeded that of the global aviation industry for the first time in 2007. Add to your own footprint those of the billions of existing web searchers, not to mention those now coming online in Asia and Africa, and the numbers are staggering.

Even simple online activities take a toll on the environment. Google does not divulge its energy use or carbon footprint but, based on publicly available information, we have calculated that each Google search generates an estimated 5-10 g of CO2, in part because Google's unique infrastructure replicates queries across multiple servers, which then compete to provide the fastest answer to your query. On the other hand, just browsing a basic website generates about 20 mg of CO2 for every second you view it.

More complex websites with rich animations and video can be responsible for the emission of CO2 at up to 300 mg per second. Where are these emissions coming from? For a typical website experience, the dominant contribution to its footprint comes from the electricity consumed by its visitors' computers, followed by the network infrastructure needed to transmit the website, with the servers and data centers providing the website as the smallest contributor.

Many prominent sites are, however, increasing emissions through software errors and other problems, which increase the time – and energy – needed to access them.

Our analysis of the Prime Minister's site on Saturday, January 10, 2009, showed it was operating at only 64% network energy efficiency, while the Queen’s website was even worse at 54% efficiency. The highly trafficked BBC News website only operates at 49% efficiency.

As a web consumer, though, you can make a difference. Over the years, Internet users have become accustomed to demanding certain levels of service from the websites that they visit. It is now de rigueur for e-commerce sites to present badges certifying that their credit card processing systems are secure. Savvy users even know to watch for certification that sites they visit are safe from hacker attacks and that have audited privacy policies to protect their identities.

Websites now need to be put under pressure to clean up their environmental impacts too and demonstrate that their sites are as green as they can be.

Dr Alexander Wissner-Gross, is a physicist and Environmental Fellow at Harvard University. His website, www.CO2Stats.com, is designed to allow webmasters and bloggers to make their sites greener in an auditable way.

Real Friends

In Washington, another exchange student once told me she could tell who her real friends were, not by how much they contacted her, but rather by how much she contacted them. An interesting postulation.

http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/07/bovine_burps.html

Can bovine burp research slow global warming?

Fun fieldwork for a team of Argentinan scientists who are measuring the levels of methane in cow belches in a bid to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

July 9, 2008 3:57 PM

Methane, produced by cows, is a more potent global warming gas than carbon dioxide. Photograph: Reuters

Scientists trying to find a solution to reducing the levels of methane in the Earth's atmosphere are using a handful of lucky Argentinian cows in a novel experiment involving bovine burps.

In a country famed for its cattle herds, scientists have strapped plastic tanks to the backs of cows in order to collect their belches and study their methane levels.

The scientists, from the National Institute of Agricultural Technology, say that as much as 30% of Argentina's greenhouse gas emissions could come from cows, and hope this study will find a way to cut down on emissions by changing the diet and lifestyle of the animals.

The grass that cows eat is hard to digest and broken down by bacteria in the animal's four stomachs. In the absence of oxygen, the bacteria turn it into methane. Contrary to common belief, most gas emerges from the front, not rear, ends of the cows.

Farmed ruminant animals are thought to be responsible for up to a quarter of "man-made" methane emissions, which researchers say is 23 times more potent than carbon dioxide when it comes to trapping heat in the atmosphere.

Scientists are working to develop new diets for cows that could make it easier for them to digest food, moving them away from grains to plants like alfalfa and clover.

A study last year found that the average dairy cow in the UK belches out about 100 to 200 litres of methane each day. Given that Argentina is one of the world's biggest beef producers, with some 55 million heads of cattle grazing on the famed Pampas grasslands, that adds up to a significant number.

"When we got the first results, we were surprised. Thirty percent of Argentina's [total greenhouse] emissions could be generated by cows," said Guillermo Berra, a researcher working on the project.

Berra said the researchers "never thought" that a cow weighing 550kg (1,210lb) could produce 800 to 1,000 litres (28 to 35 cubic feet) of emissions each day.

At least 10 cows are being studied, Berra said, including some in a corral whose burps are collected in yellow balloons hanging from the roof.

"We have done a preliminary study and have found that by using tannins, you can reduce methane emissions by 25%," said Silvia Valtorta of the National Council of Scientific and Technical Investigations.

Transitions

Nearly six weeks after my return to Canada from the U.S., I believe it's time to finally write a concluding post to the portion of my blog dedicated to my experiences in Washington, DC. Because of all the excitement that inevitably both precedes and follows a big transition like this one, this is the first proper concluding post I write about any of my experiences and I'm not doing it because I feel particularly inspired, but rather because I think it's important to properly celebrate my whole experience and also just because it's a nice way to record my initial reflections on the experience after it ended. So here goes nothing.

My last exam was on a Tuesday: Tuesday, May 6th at 8:30 am. Feeling rather pressured to get back to Sackville to begin the summer research project for which I was being funded from May 1st onward, I had initially planned to leave DC on Wednesday around 5 am. I had a train ticket booked to Buffalo and a bus ticket from there to Toronto; however, as my time drew to an end, I realized I was about to leave DC with so much left undone. And so, on a bit of a whim, I checked plane tickets, found a cheap one going directly to Moncton on Saturday, checked to see if I could cancel my plane and bus tickets, and made the switch.

Of all the planning I've done for different trips, that was probably one of the best decisions I've made. Those extra three days were exactly what I needed to properly finish off the year and to be able to leave without having to suffer through any of those "I really with I had..." moments.

Despite a little overlap, I think most trips can be divided into one's relationship with the place and one's relationships with people, and for me, the latter is always most important. Thus, during those last days, I had my last meals in the cafeteria with friends from campus, I went to check out the new apartments of friends staying in DC for the summer, I had a lovely lunch downtown with a good friend from off campus, I said goodbye to everyone at the homeless drop-in centre and left them the stash of grocery bags and pens I had been saving for them all year, I went to a raw oyster bar in Georgetown for happy hour with my roommate (and we had a bottle of wine and nearly three dozen oysters between the two of us!)... In short, I said goodbye; not a frazzled, last-minute "I've just spent the last 39 hours packing and have to get on a plane in 47 minutes but goodbye. I love you! [starting to walk away] I miss you! Keep in touch! [fading away] Gotta RUN!" kind of goodbye, but rather, a wonderful "this is why I'm going to miss you" kind of goodbye.

Nevertheless, there was also the "place" aspect of my experience that was thirsty for a bit of closure. So on top of a healthy amount of time dallying around Georgetown, I also took a day to see the monuments one last time and to visit the National Art Gallery, the Museum of the American Indian, and the Air and Space Museum. It too was just what I needed, like a final exam that proves to you how much you actually learned in a class.

At the National Art Gallery, as usual, the first thing I wanted to see was a few expressionist and impressionist works. As enthralled by them as always, I thought I should really move on and spend some time on the American stuff. That's what I was really there to see, and taking it in - the portraits, the city scenes, the country scenes, the modern stuff (from Rothko's abstract paintings to stacks of Campbell's soup cans) - I think the bottom line for me - the theme that had been drilled into my head over the last year - was that America has its own distinct culture. It's by no means simply a distinct lack of culture as people sometimes claim, but rather a complex combination of history, religion, institutions, language, art, etc. arguably more similar to the cultures out of which more "classic" works stem than their contemporary geographic homologues.

Next, at the Smithsonians, I realized how skillfully I had learned to identify the overriding feature of American cutlure: politics. To give a few examples:

-The first two floors of the Museum of the American Indian were stores (of products made by or related to American Indians) and the most famous (and probably most popular) part of the museum is their cafeteria that serves traditional foods of aboriginals from across the Americas.

-There's a huge wooden Haida(?) sculpture donated by the Canadian government front and centre on your way into the museum.

-Nothing was translated in the Museum of the American Indian while lots was translated into the languages of the most common visitors in the Air and Space Museum (the most popular Smithsonian). The container for donations was also practically overflowing in the Air and Space Museum and nearly empty in the Museum of the American Indian.

-Finally, a large portion of the Air and Space Museum was dedicated to military advancements in aviation throughout history. Two words: biased much? I guess the Cold War is still in too recent history to begin to look at things a little more objectively...

And on that note, I think it's time to put this post to bed with the rest of my reflections on the United States of America. My time in Washington, DC was fabulous (many thanks to the Killam Fellowships program!) and I do love to share my experiences with you, but there's so much more to it than I could ever blog about. So, as I've already said on a few occasions in this blog, next time you think about heading back to the splendid city of Montreal for another long weekend of adventures or next time you think of buying a couple packs of cigarettes every week for year, consider taking a trip to visit our Southern neighbo(u)rs instead. Who knows what you would think of them!