whether or not you recommend an epidural, remember what really counts:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12011880
Wednesday, November 24, 2010
epidurals
Labels:
uOttawa 2010-11
Saturday, November 20, 2010
Multiple Choice Question Strategies: Getting Them Right Even When You Don't Deserve To
Labels:
better,
grades,
hints,
how to,
improve,
marks,
mcq,
multiple choice,
questions,
strategies,
test taking,
tests
It’s often said that those who get good grades in medical school (and in other disciplines) are not necessarily the ones who will make the best doctors. In fact, some go as far as to say that many who get below average grades are those who will excel in practise. I believe there is much truth to this.
Keywords: multiple choice test strategies, mcq, improve, grades
Unfortunately, though, nobody enjoys having grades floating around the 60s. So, in solidarity with all those who don’t think their grades reflect their knowledge, I’m writing this post to address one of the root causes of this: multiple choice testing. This is a compilation of a few multiple choice strategies that allow people who know them to do well despite mediocre understanding. Moreover, since profs subconsciously expect students to know and apply these, those who haven’t picked them up over the years can do more poorly than is reflective of their understanding. Hope you find them helpful!
Before you start
Remember that you are looking for the best answer, NOT one which must be entirely true all of the time, in all cases, and without exception.
When reading the question/stem
Look for grammatical clues. If the stem ends with the indefinite article "an," for example, then the correct response probably begins with a vowel.
Try to anticipate the correct response before you are distracted by seeing the options provided. Then uncover the responses and select the option that most closely matches your answer. Do NOT confuse this with the myth that your first answer is usually correct! Change your first answer when you are fairly sure of the correction, or when other cues in the test prompt you to change it.
Know if you are allowed to select more than one response per question/stem (e.g. Clinical Decision Making Questions). If so, select the maximum number of responses.
When considering the options
Question responses that are totally unfamiliar to you. Profs have no problem including terms/concepts that have never been discussed as long as they are part of INCORRECT responses.
You can often rule out responses that contain absolute terms like "always" or "never." Responses that contains generalizations like "usually" or "mostly" are more likely to be correct.
Look alike options: If they have different meanings (e.g. back pain, chest pain, abdominal pain), one is probably correct; if they have practically the same meaning (e.g. chest pain, torso pain), neither one can be correct.
When faced with double negatives consider the equivalent positive statement.
If two options are opposite (e.g. increases heart rate, decreases heart rate) one of them is probably correct.
Favour options that contain qualifiers (e.g. ...often presents with intense chest pain which radiates to the left arm or neck). The prof usually puts more effort (and words) into composing the correct answer.
If two alternatives seem correct, compare them for subtle differences and then refer back to the stem to find your best answer.
"All of the above" is often a correct response. If you suspect that more than one of the other responses is probably correct, then choose "All of the above."
"None of the above" is usually an incorrect response (used when the instructor has run out of ideas), but this is less reliable than the "All of the above" rule. Be very careful not to be fooled by double negative options when “None of the above” is also an option (e.g. ... rarely decrease blood pressure – this is probably the correct response but would have been taught as “usually increases blood pressure”).
Look for verbal associations. A response that repeats key words that are in the stem is likely to be correct.
If all else fails, choose b) or c). Many profs subconsciously feel that the correct answer is more "hidden" if it’s surrounded by distracters. Apparently, response a) is usually least likely to be the correct one.
Don't worry about the pattern of the answers. If you answer b) to four questions in a row, you might be right (especially when you consider the previous point).
A particular case:
Which are classic symptoms of lupus?
a) photosensitivity and acromegaly
b) angiomas and oral ulcers
c) oral ulcers and photosensitivity
d) photosensitivity and claudication
Profs like their answer to be ambiguous. In this sort of question with multiple elements in each response, profs achieve ambiguity by having one correct element and one incorrect element in each incorrect response. Since the correct elements also usually appear in the correct answer, elements that appear most often are most likely to be correct. In this case “photosensitivity” appears three times and “oral ulcers” appears twice, so the correct answer is probably “c”.
Applying the same logic to the following question:
Which of the following statements is most true with regards to Crohn’s?
a) it is an inflammatory disease that is worsened smoking.
b) it is worsened by smoking and has an increased incidence in Hispanics
c) it is an inflammatory disease that affects the ileum exclusively
d) it is a genetic disease that accounts for 60% of the global prevalence of constipation
“a” is most likely.
Finally:
Which is the proper sequence of events in mitosis?
a) 3-4-2-1
b) 3-2-4-1
c) 1-2-3-4
d) 2-3-4-1
Consider the most common position of each element (more correct positions means more ambiguity):
1 in 4th
2 in 2nd
3 in 1st
4 in 3rd
There’s your answer (b)! You didn’t even need to know that
3=prophase 2=metaphase 4=anaphase 1=telophase.
Another very special case:
Keywords: multiple choice test strategies, mcq, improve, grades
Unfortunately, though, nobody enjoys having grades floating around the 60s. So, in solidarity with all those who don’t think their grades reflect their knowledge, I’m writing this post to address one of the root causes of this: multiple choice testing. This is a compilation of a few multiple choice strategies that allow people who know them to do well despite mediocre understanding. Moreover, since profs subconsciously expect students to know and apply these, those who haven’t picked them up over the years can do more poorly than is reflective of their understanding. Hope you find them helpful!
Before you start
Remember that you are looking for the best answer, NOT one which must be entirely true all of the time, in all cases, and without exception.
When reading the question/stem
Look for grammatical clues. If the stem ends with the indefinite article "an," for example, then the correct response probably begins with a vowel.
Try to anticipate the correct response before you are distracted by seeing the options provided. Then uncover the responses and select the option that most closely matches your answer. Do NOT confuse this with the myth that your first answer is usually correct! Change your first answer when you are fairly sure of the correction, or when other cues in the test prompt you to change it.
Know if you are allowed to select more than one response per question/stem (e.g. Clinical Decision Making Questions). If so, select the maximum number of responses.
When considering the options
Question responses that are totally unfamiliar to you. Profs have no problem including terms/concepts that have never been discussed as long as they are part of INCORRECT responses.
You can often rule out responses that contain absolute terms like "always" or "never." Responses that contains generalizations like "usually" or "mostly" are more likely to be correct.
Look alike options: If they have different meanings (e.g. back pain, chest pain, abdominal pain), one is probably correct; if they have practically the same meaning (e.g. chest pain, torso pain), neither one can be correct.
When faced with double negatives consider the equivalent positive statement.
If two options are opposite (e.g. increases heart rate, decreases heart rate) one of them is probably correct.
Favour options that contain qualifiers (e.g. ...often presents with intense chest pain which radiates to the left arm or neck). The prof usually puts more effort (and words) into composing the correct answer.
If two alternatives seem correct, compare them for subtle differences and then refer back to the stem to find your best answer.
"All of the above" is often a correct response. If you suspect that more than one of the other responses is probably correct, then choose "All of the above."
"None of the above" is usually an incorrect response (used when the instructor has run out of ideas), but this is less reliable than the "All of the above" rule. Be very careful not to be fooled by double negative options when “None of the above” is also an option (e.g. ... rarely decrease blood pressure – this is probably the correct response but would have been taught as “usually increases blood pressure”).
Look for verbal associations. A response that repeats key words that are in the stem is likely to be correct.
If all else fails, choose b) or c). Many profs subconsciously feel that the correct answer is more "hidden" if it’s surrounded by distracters. Apparently, response a) is usually least likely to be the correct one.
Don't worry about the pattern of the answers. If you answer b) to four questions in a row, you might be right (especially when you consider the previous point).
A particular case:
Which are classic symptoms of lupus?
a) photosensitivity and acromegaly
b) angiomas and oral ulcers
c) oral ulcers and photosensitivity
d) photosensitivity and claudication
Profs like their answer to be ambiguous. In this sort of question with multiple elements in each response, profs achieve ambiguity by having one correct element and one incorrect element in each incorrect response. Since the correct elements also usually appear in the correct answer, elements that appear most often are most likely to be correct. In this case “photosensitivity” appears three times and “oral ulcers” appears twice, so the correct answer is probably “c”.
Applying the same logic to the following question:
Which of the following statements is most true with regards to Crohn’s?
a) it is an inflammatory disease that is worsened smoking.
b) it is worsened by smoking and has an increased incidence in Hispanics
c) it is an inflammatory disease that affects the ileum exclusively
d) it is a genetic disease that accounts for 60% of the global prevalence of constipation
“a” is most likely.
Finally:
Which is the proper sequence of events in mitosis?
a) 3-4-2-1
b) 3-2-4-1
c) 1-2-3-4
d) 2-3-4-1
Consider the most common position of each element (more correct positions means more ambiguity):
1 in 4th
2 in 2nd
3 in 1st
4 in 3rd
There’s your answer (b)! You didn’t even need to know that
3=prophase 2=metaphase 4=anaphase 1=telophase.
Another very special case:
The following are
extra-articular disorders associated with rheumatoid arthritis,
EXCEPT:
- glaucoma
- Felty's syndrome
- Caplan's syndrome
- Edward's syndrome
Wednesday, November 17, 2010
what's so special about Yaz (drospirenone)?
Labels:
uOttawa 2010-11
"CONCLUSIONS: Currently available oral contraceptives still have a major impact on thrombosis occurrence and many women do not use the safest brands with regard to risk of venous thrombosis."
Monday, November 8, 2010
tantalizing tropical trout
Labels:
uOttawa 2010-11
i wanted to make ceviche, but wasn't ready to "cook" fish in lime juice without any heat... this is what happened.
Place 2 trout/pink fish fillets onto enough aluminum foil to fold over.
Top with:
Dijon mustard
5 cloves of garlic, corsely chopped
1 fist of broccoli (cut stalk into thin slices and florets into chestnut-size pieces)
1 onion sliced into thin rounds
Fold over aluminum and cook on BBQ - careful not to OVERCOOK the fish.
Chop:
2 ripe tomatoes
1 cup of cilantro
Combine and add:
1/4 cup lemon juice
1/8 cup balsamic vinegar
Lots of ground pepper
Serve together on brown rice. With steamed kale?
Friday, November 5, 2010
55 words
The moment the dame walked in the door I knew she was trouble. Blood-red lips, smoldering eyes, legs from here to Cleveland.
I thought of telling her to scram, but she was my first customer all day. "Ma'am?"
"Coffee, hash browns," she said, settling into a booth. "And two eggs."
"Hard-boiled?" I asked hopefully.
"Scrambled."
Monday, October 18, 2010
fiendlishly fine foat cakes
Labels:
uOttawa 2010-11
after years of healthful - but hard to swallow - culinary experiments (e.g. sugar-free tofu smoothies!), i think i've finally struck gold!! i've already gotten endorsement from a McDonald's-goer and am confident in this recipe's kid-potential. the idea is not even 2 hours old (i just put the last cake on the pan), so please don't be shy about sending along your feedback. bon appétit ! (Thanks to Sarah Alden for the photo of her version :)
2 c old fashioned rolled oats
2 c water
lots of paprika - 2 T(?)
soy sauce - 2-3 T(?)
hot sauce to taste
mix together, microwave for 5 min, allow to cool
2 cans wild salmon
2 eggs
3 stalks of finely chopped celery
2 c corn (thawed if frozen)
1 handful fresh/frozen cilantro
3 T grated ginger
combine. place large scoop onto hot frying pan and flatten into a cake. brown both sides.
serve immediately with lettuce and salsa.
Monday, March 1, 2010
Wednesday, January 13, 2010
Jean-Jacques Bourque - Cigarette, Smoking, Fumer
sujet: le nouveau livre de Jean-Jacques Bourque contre les campagnes anti-tabac.
keywords: Bourque, Jean-Jacques, smoking, fumer, tobacco, tabac, tabagisme, cigarette, depression, conflit d'intérêt, conflict of interest
C'est carrément enrageant de voir qu'un journaliste professionnel publierait un tel article (qui effectivement promeut le livre de M . Bourque) sans avoir fait une recherche approfondie sur les conflits d’intérêt qu’il pourrait avoir. Je n’ai pas le temps pour jouer au détective, mais comme étudiant en médecine, je sais qu’aucun médecin ne publierait un tel livre sans l’appui de l’industrie de tabac. En faisant une petite recherche, j’ai pu découvrir que M. Bourque est le fondateur d’une compagnie de consultation, Humagest Inc. La compagnie ne compte que deux autres employés et aucune information sur ses activités n’est trouvable à l’internet. Par contre, Who’s Who in Canadian Business nous dit que Patricia Cherie Pitcher travaille aussi à Humagest. Serait-ce une coïncidence que dans son livre The Drama of Leadership, il se trouve au moins deux exemple dans lesquels elle appui discrètement les compagnies de tabac? Je vous les inclus ci-dessous tout en vous implorant de faire faire une recherche exhaustive sur les liens de M. Bourque avec l’industrie de tabac.
Merci,
Nicholas Dubé
1) “What’s worse, we allow experts to dictate policy to us. For example, French historian Alain-Gérard Slama reminds us that we allow cancer researchers who have studied biochemistry and medicine to dictate public policy on smoking, and yet smoking bans raise deep philosophical issues involving subtle tradeoffs between Justice and Liberty, which cancer researcher know nothing about.” (p. 196)
2) Sous le titre « Truth and Consequences » et discutant la réaction de différents types de leaders à certaines situations; NB : les adjectifs entre parenthèses carrées sont originales et la note de fin de document 4 fait référence à un article de l’année 1994 dans La Presse.
"Another context and another subject :
"Tenchnocrat: And so, in conclusion, we have to ban smoking from the planet.
"A member of the audience: I was reading the other day in a medical journal that major depression and the propensity to cigarette smoking are highly correlated. These doctors were suggestion that we should be a bit careful with depressed people, because pushing them too hard to quit smoking may inadvertently push them into a major clinical depression.4
"Technocrat: The study was no doubt financed by the cigarette lobby [paranoid], and even if it’s true, that’s their problem [narcissistic]." (p.186)
---
It is truly enraging to see that reputable reporters are effectively promoting Mr. Bourque’s book evidently without having conducted a thorough investigation into the conflicts of interest he may have. Although I don’t have time to play detective, as a medical student I know that no doctor would publish such a book without support from the tobacco industry. After a little research, I discovered that Mr. Bourque is the founder of the consulting firm, Humagest Inc.; however, I could find absolutely no information on the company’s activities. What I could find was that one of the company’s two other employee’s is Patricia Cherie Pitcher. Coincidentally, in her book, The Drama of Leadership, there are at least two instances in which she discretely supports the tobacco industry. I have included these quotations below and implore you to have an exhaustive research done on Mr. Bourque’s ties to the tobacco industry.
Thank you,
Nicholas Dubé
1)
“What’s worse, we allow experts to dictate policy to us. For example, French historian Alain-Gérard Slama reminds us that we allow cancer researchers who have studied biochemistry and medicine to dictate public policy on smoking, and yet smoking bans raise deep philosophical issues involving subtle tradeoffs between Justice and Liberty, which cancer researcher know nothing about.” (p. 196)
2) Under the heading « Truth and Consequences » discussing the reactions of different types of leaders to certain situations. NB : the adjectives in square brackets are original and the footnote 4 refers to a 1994 article in La Presse.
"Another context and another subject :
"Tenchnocrat: And so, in conclusion, we have to ban smoking from the planet.
"A member of the audience: I was reading the other day in a medical journal that major depression and the propensity to cigarette smoking are highly correlated. These doctors were suggestion that we should be a bit careful with depressed people, because pushing them too hard to quit smoking may inadvertently push them into a major clinical depression.4
"Technocrat: The study was no doubt financed by the cigarette lobby [paranoid], and even if it’s true, that’s their problem [narcissistic]." (p.186)
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